Egypt
Egypt was one of the most advanced empires but they were too reliant on the Nile and other nations so they became economically dependent on others for raw materials which later caused the crumbling of the empire. Egyptian farming relied on the flooding of the Nile. Used oxen to flood their fields. Harvested March to May after the floods. Used water basins to irrigate until pump was invented (shaduf). The pump was handled by one person but was replaced by a version of the Archimedes screw (tanhur). Then the water wheel and water scoop were invented (sakijes). They were powered by oxen, camels, or donkeys. The flood levels were measured in cubits. If the measurement was from 1-13 cubits that meant that there would be starvation. 14 meant that the food supply was going to be sufficient. 15 meant that there was going to be satisfaction for the community in the food supply. Happiness was around the cubit of 16. An abundance or surplus of food happened at cubit 17. 18 said that there was a dangerous amount of flooding on the Nile. Sesotris constructed the nilometer which measured the amount of flooding on the Nile.
The Egyptians started to build wooden ships in 3,000 B.C.E.. They used tree nails and tenon joints to join the boards and they used pitch to caulk the seams of the boards to prevent water from coming in. Started to develop amphibious warfare. The main ships they used were satches and sakhet which were 13-20 feet long. At the beginning they were originally used as transport ships. They only sailed up and down the Nile they didn't go into the Red Sea or the Mediterranean Sea.They later moved to the menesh which was widely used during the reign of Ramses the Second. Merchant ships were first used in 2450 B.C.E..
They had three branches of their military they were the infantry, chariots and the navy. Their main weapons were battle-axes, kopesh swords, bows and arrows, spears and slingshots. Maces, daggers and swords were primarily used for hand-to-hand combat. They originally used copper to make their weapons but switched to bronze because it was stronger. The first shields were made from animal skins. Which as you can imagine probable did nothing against metal. Spears were not originally mean for the military they were originally meant to be a tool for hunting. Their medical staff for their military was so advanced that they could practically treat any wound.
But Egypt was also rich in granite and other metal ores. People admired the Egyptian emeralds because they didn't think something so beautiful could come out of the desert. Egypt after invading Nubia noticed that they had a high quantity of gold. But Nubia eventually gained its independence. The early tools of Egypt were made from flint. Copper was later used for tool making by the Egyptians. As advanced as Egypt was they became too economically dependent on other countries for raw materials. The first building that the majority of it was made out of stone was the step pyramid for Djoser.
The Egyptians started to build wooden ships in 3,000 B.C.E.. They used tree nails and tenon joints to join the boards and they used pitch to caulk the seams of the boards to prevent water from coming in. Started to develop amphibious warfare. The main ships they used were satches and sakhet which were 13-20 feet long. At the beginning they were originally used as transport ships. They only sailed up and down the Nile they didn't go into the Red Sea or the Mediterranean Sea.They later moved to the menesh which was widely used during the reign of Ramses the Second. Merchant ships were first used in 2450 B.C.E..
They had three branches of their military they were the infantry, chariots and the navy. Their main weapons were battle-axes, kopesh swords, bows and arrows, spears and slingshots. Maces, daggers and swords were primarily used for hand-to-hand combat. They originally used copper to make their weapons but switched to bronze because it was stronger. The first shields were made from animal skins. Which as you can imagine probable did nothing against metal. Spears were not originally mean for the military they were originally meant to be a tool for hunting. Their medical staff for their military was so advanced that they could practically treat any wound.
But Egypt was also rich in granite and other metal ores. People admired the Egyptian emeralds because they didn't think something so beautiful could come out of the desert. Egypt after invading Nubia noticed that they had a high quantity of gold. But Nubia eventually gained its independence. The early tools of Egypt were made from flint. Copper was later used for tool making by the Egyptians. As advanced as Egypt was they became too economically dependent on other countries for raw materials. The first building that the majority of it was made out of stone was the step pyramid for Djoser.